STANDARD BUSINESS FORMAT

Fair Use Law | World Wide Web Sources | Online Images | Online Sounds
CD-ROM | Bibliography Entries

There are many ways to properly construct online citations. The most important thing here is to be consistent and follow an accepted format to construct the citation. For our course, you are required to use the guidelines below.
To create the hanging indent you see in the citations below if you are typing a bibliography, select the desired lines and click Format, Paragraph, and change settings as shown.

You may also refer to http://www.classroom.com/community/connection/howto/citeresources.jhtml to see other examples of how to cite an online resource in MLA style.
A good site for free downloads of a variety of files, especially sound files, is http://www.thefreesite.com.

17 U.S.C. 107 (1988 & Supp. IV 1993). Section 107 provides in part: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include:
(1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
(2) the nature of the copyrighted work;
(3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
(4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

World Wide Web Sources

Author's name or originator [inverted order for a bibliography], "title of document or page," title of complete work, date of posting [or n.d. if date of posting is missing], <URL> (date of access).

Amy Sirott, "CAOT 112, Web Page Design, FrontPage Tips," March 24, 2003, <http://caot.lacitycollege.edu/112/FrontPage_Tips.htm> (March 25, 2003).

National Library of Medicine, "The Visible Human Project," April 17, 2002, <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html> (May 23, 2002).

National Library of Medicine, "Section Through Visible Human Male," [Online image], n.d., <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/photos.html> (May 20, 2002).

Online Images

Author or originator [if known], "description or title of image," [right-click image and view Properties if needed] [Online image], date of posting [or n.d. if date of posting is missing], <URL> (date of access).

USGS, "Map: Major Volcanoes in Ecuador," [Online image], n.d., <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Ecuador/Maps/map_ecuador_volcanoes.html> (March 23, 2003).

Online Sounds

Author or originator [if known], "description or title of sound," [right-click image and view Properties if needed] [Online sound], date of posting [or n.d. if date of posting is missing], <URL> (date of access).

Clint Eastwood, "Make My Day," [Online sound], n.d., <http://www.wavsource.com/>, March 23, 2003.

Jussi Bjorling Home Page, "Di quella pira," aria from Il Travatore, by Guiseppe Verdi, [Online sound], n.d., <http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/Strasse/3468/bjorling.htm>, (March 24, 2003).

CD-ROM

Author [if known], "article title" [if appropriate], title of work (CD-ROM), publisher [may be omitted], place of publication [may be omitted], year of publication, reference to location of quotation [if available].

Here are some guidelines in red and examples from an actual bibliography in standard business format for encyclopedias, books, and Web sites:

Bibliography Entries

For a thorough discussion of the construction of bibliography entries, consult a recognized reference manual such as The MLA Handbook for Writer's of Research Papers for MLA entries or The Gregg Reference Manual for standard business format. These examples are meant as guidelines only for commonly used bibliography entries. Refer to the :

General Guidelines:

Alphabetize list entries by the author's last name if this is a bibliography rather than an individual citation and invert the order of the name.
If an entry in a bibliography has more than one author, list the first author with the last name first and list the remaining author names in normal order.
If there is no author, alphabetize entries by the title disregarding words like The or A at the start of a title.
If there is not an author but rather an editor, list the editor's name in inverted order followed by (ed.).
Include page numbers only if the work being cited is part of a larger work.
Separate each part of the entry with a period in MLA style or a comma in standard business format.
Underline titles of major works in MLA style and italicize in standard business format.
Construct online citations with the same patterns except that the name and location of the publisher are replaced by URLs or e-mail addresses enclosed in angle brackets (< >).

Examples:

"Skeletons," McGraw-Hill Multimedia Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (CD-ROM), 1998.

Cock, Guillermo A., "Inca Rescue," National Geographic, May 2002, pp. 35-40.

David, Kenneth, The Anatomical Guide, Harper Press, New York, 2001.

Marshall, Joyce, ed., The Real World: Understanding Human Anatomy, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 2000.

McKisson, Arlene, and Linda Vigil Lopez, Comparative Anatomy, New Mexico Press, Socorro, 2000.

National Geographic, "The Unwrapping of a Mummy Bundle," Mummies Unmasked, April 20, 2002, <http://nationalgeographic.com> (May 15, 2002).

National Library of Medicine, "Images and Animations," The Visible Human Project, April 17, 2002, <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html> (May 23, 2002).

National Library of Medicine, "Section Through Visible Human Male," The Visible Human Project, n.d., <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/photos.html> (May 20, 2002).

"Skeletons," McGraw-Hill Multimedia Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (CD-ROM), 1998.

University of Texas at Austin, "The Gorilla Skeleton," The eSkeletons Project, n.d., <http://www.eskeletons.org/> (May 15, 2002).

University of Texas at Austin, "The Human Skeleton," The eSkeletons Project, February 20, 2002, <http://www.eskeletons.org/>, (May 15, 2002).